Tag: indigenous knowledge

Navarro in the Lava Field

In February 1943, a photographer enigmatically known only as ‘Navarro’ documented Parícutin’s volcanic destruction of a Michoacán village and church, creating powerful postcards that circulated worldwide at the time and are highly collectible now. Then, Navarro vanished from history.

Parícutin erupted from Dionisio Pulido’s cornfield on February 20, 1943, becoming the first comprehensively documented volcanic birth in human history.

The response was immediate and international. Despite World War II, the Parícutin volcanic plumes commanded global coverage. The geological disruptions of fire and lava inspired scientific awe. Life Magazine dispatched photographers. Newsreels carried footage worldwide. Airlines altered flight paths for passenger viewing. By 1947, Hollywood used the still-active volcano as backdrop for the movie Captain from Castile, employing thousands of locals as extras.

In the extensive archives documenting Parícutin volcano’s nine-year life cycle, one name appears and vanishes: Navarro. His postcard images capture the most significant moment in the volcano’s terrifying story—when lava reached the 400-year-old church of San Juan Parangaricutiro. Despite meticulous record-keeping around this geological event, Navarro himself remains a mystery.

His photographs have more than survived. When story of the events at Parícutin are retold, one always finds a Navarro image. The photographer does appear in one other place: Folder 7 in Box 9 of the William F. Foshag archives.

The Day Lava Reached the Church

Navarro’s postcards document a sequence unfolding over a few crucial days in early 1943. For the year prior, the Purépecha community of San Juan Parangaricutiro had watched lava flows advance on their small village while praying their homes, farms, and colonial church would be spared.

Despite their pleas and processions, the lava flow had accelerated beyond divine intervention. President Lázaro Cárdenas and local priests convinced most residents to evacuate, carrying sacred objects and any moveable materials to the nearby town of Uruapan. One rare slice of film shows men removing clay tiles from a building roof.

When the lava reached the church, Navarro was there to document the destruction. Black lava creeping around the church’s perimeter. Intense heat causing wooden elements to combust. Steady accumulation of cooled volcanic rock against the baroque stone façade, contrasting human craftsmanship with geological force.

Two striking images captures the church’s wooden elements on fire—ornate arched stonework and columns holding the structure up while everything else is consumed. Extending the mystery further, these two images bear exactly the same mark and style of the others, but a different name is entirely obscured. Perhaps it makes sense, Navarro and another photographer would go together. Better than alone.

Foshag and the Official Record

William Frederick Foshag of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum led Parícutin’s scientific research and systematic documentation. A respected mineralogist and curator, Foshag had already spent his career studying volcanic minerals and processes. When Parícutin erupted, he was uniquely positioned to lead the most comprehensive study of a volcano’s complete life cycle.

Foshag arrived within weeks of the initial eruption and remained involved until the volcano’s dormancy in 1952. Working with Mexican geologist Dr. Jenaro González Reyna, he established a research station documenting every phase of development. Their collaboration produced detailed maps, temperature measurements, chemical analyses, and thousands of photographs fundamental to volcanic research today.

Navarro’s church sequence suggests either remarkable intuition, access to local knowledge, or information coming from scientific observers. The Purépecha community, drawing on generations of volcanic experience, provided crucial insights about timing and the landscape. Navarro’s ability to be there for the church’s final moments indicates he was plugged in.

Foshag’s archives reveal an extensive network of colleagues contributing to this documentation. Box 9, Folder 7 bears Navarro’s name alongside numerous other photographers, artists, and local and international contacts. It seems Foshag recognized the value of different perspectives in creating a complete record.

The official scientific documentation benefited from all the independent photography produced at the time. Their paths very likely crossed with many others at work during critical days when the lava and ash threatened San Juan Parangaricutiro.

Kodak in Mexico

The real photo postcard industry supporting photographers like Navarro was sophisticated. Entrepreneurs traveled with complete darkroom setups in automobiles, developing film and producing finished postcards within hours. They sold to tourists, sent copies to newspapers, and maintained distribution networks across Mexico and the United States.

By 1943, Kodak had established a robust business providing both cameras and materials throughout Mexico. Navarro’s postcards bear the EKC (Eastman Kodak Company) indicia and are marked Kodak Mexicana, LTD. Navarro had access to standardized, high-quality photographic paper specifically designed for postcard production. This infrastructure allowed photographers to work with consistent materials as they traveled to remote locations.

This commercial system created a parallel archive to official scientific record, prioritizing dramatic visual impact and human interest. While Foshag documented systematic geological processes, Navarro captured moments resonating with public imagination: the church under siege, displaced communities, civilization meeting unstoppable natural forces.

The quality and consistency in images suggests professional training and equipment. His compositions demonstrate understanding of the landscape and evoke pathos. Combined with his access to Kodak’s professional-grade materials, we may assume Navarro was more than a concerned observer.

History’s Mysteries

Navarro’s fade from historical records reflects broader patterns in how scientific events get remembered. Official histories preserve institutional participants while quietly forgetting the names and stories of independent contributors. This is notable with Parícutin, where local Purépecha knowledge proved crucial to understanding volcanic behavior, yet indigenous voices were largely excluded from formal documentation.

Still, Navarro gives us another chance to go there ourselves for a glimpse of those extraordinary hours. His postcards circulated broadly through the popular means of the era—family correspondence, tourist collections, commercial distributors—and are highly collectible today.

As researchers study Foshag’s extensive archives, Navarro’s name remains a tantalizing fragment—present enough to suggest significance, absent enough to resist interpretation. His postcards survive in collections across North America, carrying their maker’s vision but not his story.

This persistence of mystery tells us something about how we remember extraordinary events. While institutions preserve official records with careful attribution, the broader network of individual contributors often dissolves into anonymity. Navarro represents countless others who showed up when history was being made, pointed cameras at crucial moments, contributed to our understanding of the world, and then vanished back into the crowd.

The photographs of the church’s destruction remain powerful because they capture something beyond ecological process—the moment when human scale met geological time and a community’s sacred center became a monument to forces beyond human control. Navarro was there to see it, and that’s a chance for us to remember the event and to admire him.

This essay was inspired by Elena, Maria, and Sandy – with gratitude.

To Read More

Paricutín | Volcano, Mexico, & Eruption | Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/Paricutin

Paricutin – Lake Patzcuaro website
http://www.lakepatzcuaro.org/Paricutin-Volcano.html

How Volcanoes Work – the eruption of Paricutin, Mexico
https://volcanoes.sdsu.edu/Paricutin.html

The eruption of Parícutin volcano on a farmer’s cornfield, 1943 – Rare Historical Photos
https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/paricutin-volcano-eruption-photographs/

Paricutín, the volcano that fascinated the world, still captures imaginations
https://mexiconewsdaily.com/mexico-living/paricutin-still-captures-imaginations/

Parícutin: The Birth of a Volcano | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
https://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-resources/earth-science/paricutin-birth-volcano

What It Was Like To See A Volcano Being Born – Atlas Obscura
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-it-was-like-to-see-a-volcano-being-born

Garcia, Rafael, Photographs of Paricutin Volcano, 1943-1944 | Smithsonian Institution Archives
https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/fbr_item_modsi666

Michoacán: From kingdom to Colony to Sovereign State (1324-2015) — Indigenous Mexico
https://www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/michoacan-from-kingdom-to-colony-to-sovereign-state-1324-2015

Circling Around the Sacred

The circle is a shape and a solution. From the sun above to the atoms within, circular patterns hold sacred secrets for ourselves and society.

From the moment our ancestors gathered around campfires beneath the star-studded night sky, humanity has been captivated by circular forms. The sun and moon—those perfect celestial orbs—have guided our understanding of cycles, seasons, and the sacred geometries that shape our world. As our globe tilts and rotates through space, we return to the circle as a fundamental pattern, a shape that speaks to scientific understanding and spiritual intuition.

In nature, the circle demonstrates efficiency and strength. Consider the heliotropic motion of sunflowers, their faces tracking the sun across the sky, their seeds arranged in perfect spiral patterns. Deep within the earth’s core, circular motions generate magnetic fields, while occasional tremors ripple outward in concentric circles. At a microscopic level, the nucleus of each atom forms a dense center of energy, the foundation of nuclear physics and our modern understanding of matter itself.

Concentric Wisdom

Ancient cultures recognized the power of circular design. From the stone circles of Stonehenge to the round houses of indigenous peoples, circular architecture created spaces of communion and protection. These structures weren’t merely aesthetic choices—they were sophisticated responses to environmental forces, creating natural ventilation patterns and distributing structural loads evenly.

The Native American medicine wheel, the Buddhist mandala, and the Celtic spiral all speak to the circle’s role as an energy symbol, representing wholeness, unity, and the cyclical nature of existence, much like a gyroscope maintains stability through rotation.

Circular Scenes

Circular thinking extends to human organizations, too. Consider how people naturally gather in circles: from tribal councils to corporate roundtables, from community drum circles to academic seminar rooms. Social movements often begin with small circles of concerned citizens, expanding outward based on overlapping interests of place and purpose.

Underground music scenes, grassroots political groups, and mutual aid networks typically organize in decentralized circles, creating resilient structures that adapt and grow organically. Even in our digital age, social media platforms mimic circular patterns through circles of friends, spheres of influence, and interconnected networks.

Circles show up in team dynamics as well. Agile practitioners us “scrum circles” for project management, while “quality circles” in manufacturing bring workers together to solve problems collectively. Innovation hubs create intentional “innovation ecosystems” where ideas flow freely between participants who share offices, labs, and studios.

Circular principles also apply to how we organize our economic and social systems. The concept of a circular economy has emerged as a revolutionary approach to addressing environmental conservation. Unlike the traditional “take-make-waste” linear model, circular economics mirrors natural cycles where waste becomes a resource. In this system, products are designed for durability and reuse, materials flow in closed loops, and regenerative practices restore natural capital.

Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright incorporated organic architecture principles that emphasized circular and spiral forms. These structures don’t simply mimic nature; they function in harmony with it.

Civic design includes circular plazas, amphitheaters, and communal spaces that facilitate the natural human tendency to gather in rounds. These spaces often feature concentric circles of activity, from intimate inner gathering spaces to broader outer rings that welcome larger communities. Cities are networks of interconnected circular communities, each with its own center of gravity yet linked in ways that promote both local identity and broader urban cohesion.

Transit Circuits

Some neighborhoods are connected by circular transit systems—light rail loops that mirror (or transgress) the patterns of previous generations. These transportation networks are themselves powered by intricate electronics—microchip circuits that echo the larger orbital patterns they coordinate, ensuring trains run right on time.

The elegance of circular transportation extends beyond mechanized transit. Cities worldwide are rediscovering the bicycle—perhaps humanity’s most successful application of circular geometry to movement. Its wheels, gears, and chain drives demonstrate how nested circular systems amplify human power while minimizing energy loss. Bike-sharing programs create their own circular economies of movement, their docking stations arranged in rings throughout urban cores. These human-scaled transit networks reduce carbon emissions while strengthening community connections.

Digital Circles Take on Real Challenges


Digital platforms are evolving beyond simple virtual meeting rooms into immersive spaces that address pressing social challenges. Virtual and augmented reality technologies allow for mixed-reality circles where local communities can visualize, plan, and implement solutions to social issues in real time. For instance, AR overlays can reveal hidden resources within a community—from unused spaces for urban farming to underutilized buildings that could provide shelter. These technologies enable communities to map food deserts, build on existing distribution networks, and coordinate mutual aid efforts with greater precision than ever before.

The power of these tools lies in their ability to make needs and resources visible to more groups, and in greater visual detail. VR environments allow stakeholders to experience and refine potential solutions before implementation, while AR applications help coordinate real-world action. For example, some cities are experimenting with AR-enabled resource rings that connect those with excess (food, supplies, space) to those with needs and uses through intuitive visual interfaces. These systems help transform abstract social challenges into tangible solutions at the neighborhood level.

What makes these digital circles particularly powerful is their ability to collapse the distance between awareness and action. When a community sees problems and potential solutions mapped in their shared space, it becomes easier to make connections, mobilize resources, and coordinate responses. These tools don’t solve social challenges on their own, but they provide communities with powerful new ways to see, understand, and address local needs through coordinated circular action.

Full Circle Round Again

The circle’s power to unite and connect is perhaps best illustrated in the simple Venn diagram, where overlapping spheres reveal relationships and shared qualities. This mathematical tool reflects a deeper truth: that circles have the unique ability to represent both unity and multiplicity, the one and the many. Whether we look to the perfect geometry of a soap bubble, the ripples from a stone dropped in still water, or the orbits of electrons around their atomic center, we find that circular form and motion are fundamental to the universe’s operation.

As we face global challenges that require holistic thinking and unified action, the circle offers wisdom accumulated over millennia. It reminds us that everything is connected, that endings lead to beginnings, and that the most sustainable solutions often mirror the patterns we find in nature.

In embracing circular thinking and design, we honor both our ancestral wisdom and our future potential. The sky and wind above is a powerful reminder of the warm glow and flow inside. Turning (and churning) teaches us about the true nature of our universe and our place within it. The sacred sun and moon continue their ancient dance across the sky, inviting us to see ourselves as part of this grand design—not just observers of it, but active participants in its unfolding story.